The Evolution of the Universe

The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. The CMBR is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. When a galaxy forms the matter formation is in the form of neutrons. Pairs of neutrons bond to form dark matter (dineutrons) and single neutrons decay to form protons and electrons which combine to form hydrogen. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years. The distribution of galaxies in a finite universe is such that there is a variation in gravitational acceleration depending on the distance from the centre of the universe. This gravitational acceleration results in the difference in the recession velocity of galaxies previously attributed to dark energy.