Injustice for All

American criminal justice is a dysfunctional mess. Cops are too violent, the punishments are too punitive, and the so-called Land of the Free imprisons more people than any other country in the world. Understanding why means focusing on color—not only on black or white (which already has been studied extensively), but also on green.

The problem is that nearly everyone involved in criminal justice—including district attorneys, elected judges, the police, voters, and politicians—faces bad incentives. Local towns often would rather send people to prison on someone else’s dime than pay for more effective policing themselves. Local police forces can enrich themselves by turning into warrior cops who steal from innocent civilians. Voters have very little incentive to understand the basic facts about crime or how to fix it—and vote accordingly. And politicians have every incentive to cater to voters’ worst biases.

Injustice for All systematically diagnoses why and where American criminal justice goes wrong, and offers functional proposals for reform. By changing who pays for what, how people are appointed, how people are punished, and which things are criminalized, we can make the US a country which guarantees justice for all.

Key Features:



Shows how bad incentives, not "bad apples," cause the dysfunction in American criminal justice

Focuses not only on overincarceration, but on overcriminalization and other failures of the criminal justice system

Provides a philosophical and practical defense of reducing the scope of what’s considered criminal activity

Crosses ideological lines, highlighting both the weaknesses and strengths of liberal, conservative, and libertarian agendas

Fully integrates tools from philosophy and social science, making this stand out from the many philosophy books on punishment, on the one hand, and the solely empirical studies from sociology and criminal science, on the other

Avoids disciplinary jargon, broadening the book’s suitability for students and researchers in many different fields and for an interested general readership

Offers plausible reforms that realign specific incentives with the public good.