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Beskrivelse
The American economy faces two deep problems: expanding innovation and raising the rate of quality job creation. Both have roots in a neglected problem: the resistance of Legacy economic sectors to innovation. While the U.S. has focused its polices on breakthrough innovations to create new economic frontiers like information technology and biotechnology, most of its economy is locked into Legacy sectors defended by technological/economic/political/social paradigmsthat block competition from disruptive innovations that could challenge their models. Americans like to build technology "covered wagons " and take them "out west " to open new innovation frontiers; we don't head our wagons "back east " to bring innovation to our Legacy sectors. By failing to do so,the economy misses a major opportunity for innovation, which is the bedrock of U.S. competitiveness and its standard of living. Technological Innovation in Legacy Sectors uses a new, unifying conceptual framework to identify the shared features underlying structural obstacles to innovation in major Legacy sectors: energy, air and auto transport, the electric power grid, buildings, manufacturing, agriculture, health care delivery and higher education, and develops approaches to understand and transform them. It finds both strengths and obstacles to innovation in the national innovation environments - a newconcept that combines the innovation system and the broader innovation context - for a group of Asian and European economies. Manufacturing is a major Legacy sector that presents a particular challenge because it is a critical stage in the innovation process. By increasingly offshoring production, the U.S. is offshoring important parts of its innovation capacity. "Innovate here, produce here, " where the U.S. took all the gains of its strong innovation system at every stage, is being replaced by "innovate here, produce there, " which threatens to lead to "produce there, innovate there. " To bring innovation to Legacy sectors, authors William Bonvillian and Charles Weiss recommend that policymakers focus on all stages of innovation from research through implementation. They should fill institutional gaps in the innovation system and take measures to address structural obstacles to needed disruptive innovations. In the specific case of advanced manufacturing, the production ecosystem can be recreated to reverse "jobless innovation " and add manufacturing-led innovation to theU.S.'s still-strong, research-oriented innovation system.John Evelyn is best known today for his Diary, second only in reputation to that of his friend and fellow-diarist, Samuel Pepys. In his own day he was famous for Sylva , his great work on trees and timber management, and he was also writing meticulous notes on the upkeep of his garden at Sayes Court - instructions for his gardener 'which may be of use for other gardens'. In Directions for the Gardiner he advises how to cultivate and tendperennials, annuals, root vegetables and trees, with lists of plants and gardening terms and tools. The Kalendarium Hortense and the Acetaria, the other two works collected here, are equally fascinating for their mixture of practical advice and insights into seventeenth-century horticulture. One of the earliest gardeningcalendars, the Kalendarium gives month by month advice on work in the kitchen and flower garden as well as listing each month's 'prime' flowers and vegetables; the Acetaria deals with salad crops, and how best to dress and prepare them for eating. Providing a window into our gardening past, Directions for the Gardiner is a charming and eye-opening companion for garden lovers everywhere.
