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Beskrivelse
Crystals were used by people even before the beginning of written history. Crystalline films are used in many ways in the microelectronics and computer industries, such as in semiconductors, superconductors, polarizers, transducers, radiation detectors, ultrasonic amplifiers, ferrites, magnetic garnets, solid-state lasers, non-linear optics, piezo-electric, electro-optic, acousto-optic, photosensitive, and refractories. So, making solid materials is a key part of keeping current technology systems running. Making big crystals is one of the most difficult and interesting technical feats in the field of materials processing.Crystal creation is all about putting atoms, ions, molecules, or groups of molecules into regular patterns in three dimensions. Real crystals are always flawed because they have both small flaws and larger ones, like dislocations. Crystallisation was done for a long time before history was written down.3 The process of evaporation, which was used by many old civilizations to get salt out of saltwater, is one of the earliest examples of how technology can help change the way things work. Crystallography as a "modern" science field can be traced back to the 17th century. From research done in the 18th and 19th centuries, we already know the basics of how crystals form.The theory didn't catch up with the experiments, though, until the late 19th century, when thermodynamics was developed.6-9
Crystal growth ideas were built on things like the surfaces of crystals, how heat and matter move, how growth rates are calculated, how growth concentration profiles are measured, and how growth is pushed along by a force.
