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The U.S. air transportation system is very important for our economic well-being and national security. The nation is also the global leader in civil and military aeronautics, a position that needs to be maintained to help assure a strong future for the domestic and international air transportation system. Strong action is needed, however, to ensure that leadership role continues. To that end, the Congress and NASA requested the NRC to undertake a decadal survey of civil aeronautics research and technology (R&T) priorities that would help NASA fulfill its responsibility to preserve U.S. leadership in aeronautics technology. This report presents a set of strategic objectives for the next decade of R&T. It provides a set of high-priority R&T challenges?-characterized by five common themes?-for both NASA and non-NASA researchers, and an analysis of key barriers that must be overcome to reach the strategic objectives. The report also notes the importance of synergies between civil aeronautics R&T objectives and those of national security.Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Process for Integration and Prioritization3 Research and Technology Challenges4 Common Themes and Key Barriers5 Findings and RecommendationsA R&T Challenges for Aerodynamics and AeroacousticsB R&T Challenges for Propulsion and PowerC R&T Challenges for Materials and StructuresD R&T Challenges for Dynamics, Navigation, and Control, andAvionicsE R&T Challenges for Intelligent and Autonomous Systems,Operations and Decision Making, Human Integrated Systems, andNetworking and CommunicationsF Lessons Learned from Other Federal AgenciesG Statement of Task and Work PlanH Biographies of Committee and Panel MembersI SpeakersJ Acronyms and Abbreviations